二合院，北京 / 建筑

2022-03-13 16:12:45建筑设计既有建筑改造与更新居住建筑现代风格

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二合院西城区白塔寺东夹道72号院改造项目工程

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王辉，姚咏梅，金晨佳，柴秉江，张富军，汪蕾，刘通，李传琛

以四合院为代表的北京传统院落式居住单元的魅力在于它有一种统合的力量，使本来是关乎柴米油盐的日常生活被升华到天、地、人、神和谐共居的精神境界。传递这种力量的是有关“四合”的空间类型学，它简单却魅力无穷。然而，随着时代的演绎，四合院在物质和精神两方面都面临着解决现实问题的考验。任何一种类型，即使是历史悠久，也不可能先验地能应付未来的需求。如何与时俱进地迭代升级四合院的功能品质，却又不降低其精神品格，依然要从类型学研究入手。

Known as “Siheyuan” or “Quadrangles”, the traditional Beijing courtyard house has the power of synthesis. The term “Quadrangles” refers to a four-sided enclosed courtyard, whose simple but charming typology can sublime daily life to the level of the spiritual realm implying the compatibility among heaven, earth, human, and deity. How to enhance the functional quality without sacrificing the spiritual dimension is the kernel of our design strategy.

▼鸟瞰图，aerial view

▼院门，courtyard entrance

白塔寺东夹道72号院并不是个标准的合院，这个约一百平米的院落，只有一房一院，大小相近。原来的北房是用不规范的材赀搭建而成，破旧不堪，与历史价值和地段价值极不相称。即使用规制的方法将老屋翻建，走进院子的第一眼感觉依然是院落空间的单薄乏味，院和房形影相吊。而今，第一眼看到改造后的效果却是空间的丰满，不仅仅和房和院内外一体了，上下空间也一体了。这个类型学的“转基因”在于“房”和“院”不再是实与虚的对立关系，而是被一个环形的几何构架整合为互联的一体，使整个场地变为了动态的一体：房也是院，院也是房，是为“二合”。

Located on the east Hutong of Baita Temple, this courtyard is not a standard four-sides-enclosed one. It has only one building and one courtyard with similar size. Before the renovation, the original layout is that the building and the courtyard are very separated from each other. The new design efforts to integrate the two parts into one united space interconnected by a continuous circular structure. Therefore, the interlocked building and courtyard implies a “two-in-one” new courtyard typology.

▼总平面图，site plan

▼原始建筑与院落，the existing building and courtyard

用圆环的形式来实现房与院的“二合”的灵感还是来自于传统四合院。四合院第一个令人点赞的看点是从踏入大门就能感觉到的空间礼仪感。这个院子原来是开门见山，来访者一入院就可以直接步入正房，没有任何空间上的含蓄。为了最大限度延长登堂入室的礼仪性，环形的玻璃廊把来人从西南的大门带到最东侧的墙端，并引入到屏风后面看不见的空间，再从屋里的东北角出现。这样的线路使本来一目了然的空间变得神秘和微妙。

The inspiration of realizing the "two combination" of house and courtyard in the form of ring still comes from the traditional quadrangle. The first amazing aspect of the courtyard is the sense of space etiquette that you can feel when you step into the gate. The courtyard used to be straightforward. Visitors can directly enter the main room as soon as they are admitted to the hospital, without any spatial implication. In order to maximize the etiquette of entering the house, the circular glass gallery takes visitors from the southwest gate to the easternmost wall end, introduces them to the invisible space behind the screen, and then appears from the northeast corner of the house. Such lines make the originally clear space mysterious and subtle.

▼轴测图，axon

在已经是绝对完美的传统建筑基础上增添新的层次，只有追求结构图式和建筑空间图示的“二合”，才能产生了传统大木作和新增钢构之间的和谐。为了突出圆环的纯粹性，其结构并不是用沿着曲线轮廓线的柱子支撑的，而是借助环的图形所形成的水平面的拱，从沿着院墙的梁出挑而成。虽然是个小项目，但结构设计的难度还是很有挑战。

Adding new levels on the basis of the already absolutely perfect traditional architecture, only by pursuing the "combination" of structural schema and architectural space diagram, can the harmony between traditional large woodwork and new steel structure be produced. In order to highlight the purity of the ring, its structure is not supported by columns along the curve contour, but by the horizontal arch formed by the figure of the ring, which is lifted from the beam along the courtyard wall. Although it is a small project, the difficulty of structural design is still very challenging.

▼改造后的建筑与院落，the building and courtyard after renovation

▼室外空间，outdoor space

▼从院子看向室内，view to the interior from the courtyard

“二”是一种简单的对偶，是为了“合”而生。“二合”在这里有好几层含义。第一，它是场地的统合，通过屋与院二合一的空间演绎，证明了一个仅一百余平米占地的传统居住单位的确是一个尺度合宜的小宇宙，是城市在最小单元层面上的自足的体现。第二，它也是院子和胡同环境的统合，通过院墙上、院门上半透的部分把白塔寺红墙溢到院内，同时也把这个作为白塔寺城市更新展厅的活力溢出到东夹道胡同。第三，它把壮观的白塔景观有机地统合进院子场景中。第四，这个邻近阜成门内大街的院子，也是通向白塔寺片区未来许许多多有趣的公共院落的门户，所以它是以一个公共“门厅”院对偶着其它离散的独立单元，是一栋住宅和一个片区的统合。

"Two" is a simple duality, which is born for "combination". "Erhe" has several meanings here. First, it is the integration of the site. Through the spatial deduction of the combination of house and courtyard, it proves that a traditional residential unit covering an area of only more than 100 square meters is indeed a small universe with appropriate scale and the embodiment of the self-sufficiency of the city at the level of the smallest unit. Second, it is also the integration of the courtyard and the Hutong environment. The red wall of the White Pagoda Temple overflows into the courtyard through the semi transparent part of the courtyard wall and the gate. At the same time, it also overflows into the dongjiadao Hutong as the vitality of the urban renewal exhibition hall of the white Pagoda Temple. Third, it organically integrates the spectacular white tower landscape into the courtyard scene. Fourth, the courtyard adjacent to fuchengmennei street is also the gateway to many interesting public courtyards in Baitasi area in the future. Therefore, it is the integration of a residence and an area with a public "lobby" courtyard as the antithesis of other discrete independent units.

▼屋与院二合一的空间演绎，a two-in-one spatial experience provided by the house and the yard

▼庭院局部，detailed view

院子更新的本质还是使之更适应当下的使用。目前这个院子的功能定位是招商接待中心，明间和西次间足以作为多功能的公共空间，东次间则是服务用房。圆环所产生的阁楼空间可以作为办公室。同样，这个空间也非常适用于居住使用，因为阁楼可以作为就寝区。这种功能的灵活性使“二合”院完全可以成为一种可复制的院落类型，而具有普遍性。

The essence of yard renewal is to make it more suitable for current use. At present, the functional orientation of the courtyard is the investment reception center. The Ming room and the west room are enough as multi-functional public space, and the east room is a service room. The attic space generated by the ring can be used as an office. Similarly, this space is also very suitable for residential use, because the attic can be used as a sleeping area. The flexibility of this function makes the "Erhe" courtyard a replicable courtyard type and universal.

▼首层平面图，ground floor plan

▼从室内望向庭院，view to the courtyard from the interior

▼夜间视角，night view

在胡同区这样的地段，院子的活力是最重要的，静时是一方孤身隐于市的小天地，动时又是一处咸集宾客的大派对，这也需要院子空间的层次性。而在这个把视点稍微抬高一点就可以把白塔请来的院子里，这种层次性需要克制地在垂直方向上发展，让热熔玻璃的走廊顶也可以变成观景乘凉的平台，但从胡同看在视线上又绝对没有侵入东夹道的空间。

In a lot like Hutong District, the vitality of the yard is the most important. When it is quiet, it is a small world hidden in the city, and when it is moving, it is a big party for guests, which also needs the hierarchy of the yard space. In this courtyard where the white tower can be invited by raising the viewpoint a little, this hierarchy needs to be restrained in the vertical direction, so that the corridor top of hot-melt glass can also become a platform for viewing and cooling, but from the alley, there is absolutely no space to invade the dongjiadao.

▼玻璃走廊顶成为室外平台，the glazed roof became an outdoor terrace

如果说“四合院”是关于空间的，那么“二合院”更重要的意义是关于时间。在城市的可持续发展过程中，新旧更迭是个不可回避的问题。这个设计一方面把一个原先破陋的平房修复回符合场所历史价值的标准制式老房，另一方面又以古建房为本体，无论植入怎样的当下设计手段，都更彰显传统古建有強大的包容能力，逾古弥新。

If “quadrangles courtyard” is concerned with space, then “two-in-one courtyard” is all about time. The juxtaposition of old and new is a continuing challenge in the process of sustainable urban development. To preserve the historical cultural value of the site, we restore the poor original house by elevating its structure to a higher standard of traditional courtyard house. Then by introducing contemporary architectural elements to the traditional setting, it helps to glorify the old the structure, and sets a good example of the new in the old. This is the very essence of the two-in-one.

▼二合院作为北京国际设计周展场之一，two-in-one courtyard as one of the exhibition venues during Beijing Design Week